Basic Grammar
Subject
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Subject as :
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Object
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Pronoun
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Adject.
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To be present
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To be past
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Perfect Tense
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I
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me
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mine
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my
|
am
|
was
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have
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A
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You
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you
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yours
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our
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are
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were
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have
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We
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us
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ours
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our
|
are
|
were
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have
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They
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them
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theirs
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their
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are
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were
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have
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He
|
him
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his
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his
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is
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was
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has
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B
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She
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her
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hers
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her
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is
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was
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has
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It
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it
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its
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its
|
is
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was
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has
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* pronoun digunakan untuk menyebut kepemilikan tanpa diikuti
benda. Contoh: this is mine (ini milikku)
A. Present Tense
A.1 Simple Present Tense (saat ini/kebiasaan)
• Kata bantu untuk subject category “A” adalah
“do” ( digunakan pada kalimat negative (-) dan interogative (?) )
• Kata bantu untuk subject category “B” adalah
“does” ( digunakan pada kalimat negative (-) dan interogative (?) )
• Kalimat positive pada kategory “B”, selalu
ditambah s/es setelah verb (kata kerja)
Example:
A : (+) I work fulltime during weekdays
(-) I do not work
fulltime during weekdays
(?) Do you work fulltime
during weekdays?
B : (+) He works fulltime during weekdays
(-) He does not work
fulltime during weekdays
(?) Does he work fulltime
during weekdays?
A.2 Simple Present Continuous Tense ( sedang
terjadi)
• Verb pada Simple Present Continuous Tense
selalu ditambah –ing
• To be digunakan setelah subject, to be bisa
dilihat di table pada kolom “to be present”
Example:
A : (+) You are watching TV
(-) You are not watching
TV
(?) Are you watching TV?
B : {+) She is watching TV
(-) She is not watching TV
(?) Is she watching TV?
C : {+) I am watching TV
(-) I am not watching
TV
(?) Am I watching TV?
A.3 Present Perfect Tense (sudah selesai
dilakukan)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan lihat di tabel
kolom “perfect tense”
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri “subject+kata
bantu+verb3”
Example:
(+) She has gone to school
(-) She has not gone to school
(?) Has she gone to school?
A.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (sudah
terjadi dan masih berlangsung)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan lehat di tabel
kolom “perfect tense”
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have/has
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
Example:
(+) We have been waiting here for two hours
(-) We have not been waiting here for two
hours
(?) Have we been waiting here for two hours?
B. Past Tense
B.1 Simple Past Tense (lampau)
• Kalimat posotive dalam simple past tense
menggunakan verb-2
• Ada verb yang beraturan, ada yang tidak
(verb yang tidak beraturan bisa dilihat di kamus kamus B. Inggris atau biasanya
tersedia di toko buku, atau yang lebih mudah bisa browsing di internet.
• Verb yang beraturan hanya perlu
ditambah”-ed” pada bentuk lampau (Verb-2 dan verb-3)
Example:
Verb beraturan: (+) I worked all days last
week
(-) I did not work all days last week
(?) Did you work all days last week?
Verb tidak beraturan: (+) They saw me last
night
(-) They did not see me last night
(?) Did they see me last night?
B.2 Past Continuous Tense ( lampau dan sedang
berlangsung saat itu)
• Verb pada Past Continuous Tense selalu
ditambah –ing
• To be digunakan setelah subject, to be bisa
dilihat di table pada kolom “to be past”
Example:
{+) I was reading
(-) I was not reading
(?) Were you reading?
B.3 Past Perfect Tense (lampau dan sudah
selesai dilakukan)
• Kata bantu yang digunakan adalah “had” pada
semua subjects
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri “subject+kata
bantu+verb3”
Example:
(+) She had come when I was there
(-)She had not come when I was there
(?) Had she come when I was there?
B.4 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
• Kata bantu yang digunakan adalah “had” pada
semua subjects
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have/has
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
Example:
(+) She had been waiting when you came
(-) She had not been waiting when you came
(?) Had she been waiting when you came?
C. Future Tense
C.1 Future Tense (akan terjadi)
• Tambahkan “will” setelah subject
Example:
(+) I will go
(-) I will not go
(?) will you go?
Untuk hal yang pasti akan dilakukan bisa
gunakan to be going to atau disingkat to be gonna
(+) I am going to go
(-) I am not going to go
(?) Are you going to go?
C.2 Future Continuous Tense ( akan sedang
berlangsung)
• Verb pada Future Continuous Tense selalu
ditambah –ing
• Tambahkan “will” setelah subject Tambahkan
“will + be” setelah subject
Example:
{+) She will be missing you
(-) She will not be missing you
(?) Will she be missing you?
C.3 Future Perfect Tense
• Tambahkan “will + have” setelah subject
• Pada present tense jenis ini, gunakan verb-3
• Pola dasar kalimatnya sendiri
“subject+will+have+verb3”
Example:
(+) He will have finished it tomorrow
(-) He will not have finished it tomorrow
(?) Will he have finished it tomorrow?
C.4 Future Perfect Continuous Tense
• Kata bantu yang digunakan adalah “will+have”
pada semua subjects
• Ditambah “been” setelah kata bantu have
• Tambahkan –ing setelah verb
Example:
(+) I will have been studying when you come
(-) I will not have been studying when you
come
(?) Will you have been studying when I come?
Question Tag (penegasan …….., kan?)
• Kalimat ditegaskan dengan tense yang
berlawanan.
Example:
=> You do not write it, do you? (kamu nggak
nulis kan??)
=> She works hard, doesn’t she? (dia kerja
keras kan??)
=> I am not reading, am I?
Pengecualian -> I am doing my job, aren’t
I? (to be di ganti dengan are untuk subject I dalam kalimat positive dan
ditegaskan dengan kalimat negative)
Adj Clause
• That -> kata sambung untuk semua
• Who -> kata sambung untuk subject
• Whom -> kata sambung untuk object
• Whose -> kata sambung untuk kepemilikan
• Which -> kata sambung untuk benda
Example:
I saw
the man, he bought a newspaper =§> I saw the man who
bought a newspaper
I like
the woman, I met her last night =§> I like the woman
whom I met last night
I
apologize to the woman, I spilled her coffee =§> I aplogize to the
woman whose coffee I spilled
The
book is good, I have read it =§> The book which I have read is good
Direct and Indirect Speech (kalimat langsung
dan tak langsung)
Untuk
direct – indirect speech, aku agak bingung ngejelasinnya. Jadi yukk.. kita
lihat contoh aja langsung…§
dalam
indirect tidak berlaku perfect tense)è Kuncinya, tenses direct
yang diubah ke indirect speech naik satu tingkat (present jadi past, past jadi
past perfect §
Example:
D : “I
buy a book” she saidð
I : She said that she
bought a book
D : “I
bought a book yesterday” she saidð
I : She said she had
bought a book the day before
D : “I
have bought a book” she saidð
I : She said she had
bought a book
D :
“Please buy a book” she saidð
I : She told me to buy a
book
D :
Don’t buy a book!” she saidð
I : She told me to buy a
book
D : “Do
you buy a book?” she askedð
I : She asked if/whether I
bought a book
D :
“What book did you buy?” she askedð
I : She wanted to know
what book I had bought
Conditional IF (pengandaian)
A. Type I
Kepastian/bisa jadi nyata (menggunakan present
tense)
e.g
If I have time, I’ll go to your party
B. Type II
Tidak mungkin terjadi saat itu (menggunakan
tense lampau)
- If + (past tense), subject + would/could +
verb
- Subject + would/could + verb, If + (past
tense)
e.g
If I had the qualification, I would appy for
the job
The fact that I don’t have the qualification
so it is useless fo me to apply for the job
If I were a president, I would use my
prerogative to against RUU pornography ……….. hehe :D *kidding
The fact that I am not a president so I have
no that kinda right
NB : tidak dikenal “was”, selalu gunakan
“were” untuk semua subjects.
Active and Passive voice
Perubahan kalimat active
dan passive berpengaruh pada perubahan fungsi object dan subject serta
penggunaan –to be- yang berpengaruh pada kata kerja. Perubahan tersebut tidak
merubah bentuk tense dari kalimat awal (e.g lampau tetap lampau). Kalimat
passive selalu mengguakan verb 3.
Example:
A: Diana buys the
white shoes
P: The white shoes are
bought by Diana
A: Daddy is
repairing my computer
P: my computer is
being repaired by Daddy
(penggunaan being untuk
continuous tense - sedang terjadi)
A: John did my
homework
P: my homework was
done by John
(penggunaan -to be-
lampau ”was” karna kalimat active dalam bentuk lampau past tense)
A: Ann will paint my
house
P: My house will
be painted by Ann
A: Mom has washed the
plates
P: The plates have
been washed by Mom
Present Perfect
Orang Inggris dengan British English nya
menggunakan Present Perfect untuk menceritakan sesuatu
yang telah tuntas dikerjakan di masa lalu dan
masih terasa efek nya di masa sekarang. Tapi bagi
American English hal itu bisa disampaikan
dengan menggunakan tidak saja Present Perfect tetapi
juga Simple Past. Perhatikan
I have lost my pen. Can you borrow me yours?
(BE)
I lost my pen. OR I have lost my pen. (AE)
He has gone home. (BE)
He went home. OR He has gone home. (AE)
Perbedaan lain dalam penggunaan already,
just dan yet. British English menggunakan kata-kata
tersebut hanya dalam tense Present Perfect
saja. Tetapi bagi American English, kata-kata tersebut
bebas digunakan di Simple Past sekalipun,
amati
He has just gone home. (BE)
He just went home. OR He has just gone home.
(AE)
Subjunctive
American English biasanya menggunakan
subjunctive untuk kalimat yang memiliki kata-kata seperti
like essential, vital,
important, suggest, insist, demand, recommend, ask, advice etc. Dalam British
English subjunctive sifatnya formal dan tidak
biasanya digunakan. British English lebih sering
menggunakan should + Infinitive or ordinary
present and past tenses.
It is essential that every child get an
opportunity to learn. (AE)
It is essential that every child gets an
opportunity to learn. (BE)
It is important that he be told. (AE)
It is important that he should be told. (BE)
She suggested that I see a doctor. (AE)
She suggested that I should see a doctor.
(BE)
Collective Nouns
American English biasanya mengganggap
collective nouns seperti jury, team, family, government dsb.
sebagai singular – tetapi British English
dapat menganggap nya sebagai bentuk plural ataupun
singular, amati
The committee meets/meet tomorrow. (BE)
The committee meets tomorrow. (AE)
The team is/are going to lose. (BE)
The team is going to lose. (AE)
Auxiliary verb + do
In British English it is common to use do as
a substitute verb after an auxiliary verb. Americans do not
normally use do after an auxiliary verb.
May I have a look at your papers? You may
(do) (BE)
You may. (AE)
'Have you finished your homework?' 'I have
(done).' (BE)
'I have.' (AE)
As if / like
American English menganggap wajar penggunaan
like if ataupun as if. Tapi hal ini disalahkan dalam
British English grammar
He talks as if he knew everything. (BE)
He talks like/as if he knew everything. (AE)
AE biasa menggunakan tobe were untuk unreal
condition, tidak demikian dengan BE
He talks as if he was rich. (BE)
He talks as if he were rich. (AE)
The indefinite pronoun One
Americans umumnya menggunakan kata ganti
he/she, him/her, his/her untuk merujuk kepada benda
satu. Dalam British English one digunakan
dalam kalimat seutuhnya
One must love one's country. (BE)
One must love his/her country. (AE)
Mid position adverbs
Amati penggunaan adverbs yang berada ditengah
kalimat ini
He has probably arrived now. (BE)
He probably has arrived now. (AE)
I am seldom late for work. (BE)
I seldom am late for work. (AE)
Adverbs of Time
British English biasa menempatkan adverbs of
time di belakang kalimat. Namun bagi American
English bisa dimana saja
Today is Sunday (AE)
It is Sunday today (BE)
Tomorrow is Monday (AE)
It will be Monday tomorrow (BE)
Ini hanya beberapa contoh perbedaan yang
sangat umum antara grammar American English dan
grammar British English – masih ada
perbedaan-perbedaan lainnya.
Macam-macam Conversation
Dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar bahasa
Inggris, ada 3 (tiga) jenis conversation atau speaking
yaitu
structural conversation, functional
conversation dan situational conversation. Silahkan anda amati
contoh-contoh conversation berikut
1. Structural conversation
Adalah pelajaran conversation yang ditujukan
untuk membuat siswa mampu
menggunakan kalimat-kalimat dalam bahasa
Inggris menurut tingkat kesulitan struktur
kalimat tersebut. Dari sederhana hingga
struktur yang lebih kompleks, amati dialog
antara John dan Mary disebuah restauran
John
: may I borrow your pen?
Mary
: yes, you may
John
: by the way, will you come to my house this afternoon?
Mary
: yes, I will
John
: waiter, give me 2 cups of coffee please
2. Functional Conversation
Adalah pelajaran conversation yang ditujukan
untuk membuat siswa mampu
menggunakan fungsi-fungsi komunikasi dengan
benar, amati sbb.
John
: may I borrow your pen?
Mary : yes, please
John
: by the way, will you come to my house this afternoon?
Mary
: with my
pleasure
John
: waiter, give me 2 cups of coffee please
3. Situational
Conversation
Adalah pelajaran conversation yang ditujukan untuk membentuk kemampuan
siswa
mengenali fungsi-fungsi khusus dalam komunikasi – berdasarkan situasi.
John : may I borrow your pen?
Mary
: yes, please
John
: by the way, will you come to my house this afternoon?
Mary
: with my pleasure
John
: waiter, give me 2 coffees please
Speaking Skill